Bibliography

Beckson, Karl et al, Literary Terms A Dictionary, Andre Deutch Limited, Great Britain, 1990

Gidden, Antony, Kapitalisme dan Teori Sosial Modern, Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta 1985

Holmess, Leslie, Post Communism an Introduction, Policy Press, Cambridge, 1997

Lamont, Corliss, Soviet Civilization , Philosophical Library, New York, 1952

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyc, V .I. Lenin, Foreign Language Publishing House, Moscow, 1959

Loane, Marcus, Theory of Mind, http://www.geocities.com/marcusra/tofmind.htm

Lodge, David, Modern Criticism and Theory, Longman Inc, New York, USA, 1998

Moorehead, Dian, The Russian Revolution, USA, New York 1985

Mosley E, Philip, Russian Revolution, http://www.emazine.com/lecturer/russianrevolution/html

Norman, Grebstein Sheldon, Perspective and Contemporary Criticism, Harper and Row Publisher, New York, USA, 1968

Orwell, George, Animal Farm, Penguin Books Ltd, London, England 1956

Suseno, Frans Magniz, Pemikiran Karl Marx, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1999

Unitthan, T.K.N, at all Toward Sociology and Culture in India, Prentice may of India (Private) ltd, New Delhi, 1965

Weber, Marx, Economy and Society, New York, USA, 1968

Wellek, Rene and Austin, Theory of Literature, Penguin, London, 1981

The Editor, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Russian

The Editor, http://en.wikipedia.org/Dog

The Editor, http://en.wikipedia.org/Culture

The Editor, http://en.wikipedia.org/Donkey

The Editor, http://en.wikipedia.org/Josef Stalin

The Editor, http://en.wikipedia.org/Leon Trotsky

The Editor, www.wikipedia.org.com/sociology

The Editor, www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social_interaction

The Editor, www.faculty.rsu.edu

Appendix III - George Orwell’s Works

Books

1. Down and Out in Paris and London (1933)
2. Burmese Days (1934)
3. A Clergyman's Daughter (1935)
4. Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936)
5. The Road to Wigan Pier (1937)
6. Homage to Catalonia (1938)
7. Coming Up for Air (1939)
8. Animal Farm (1945)
9. Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)

Essays

Essays of George Orwell
1. A Hanging (1931)
2. Shooting an Elephant (1936)
3. Bookshop Memories (1936)
4. Charles Dickens (1939)
5. Boys' Weeklies (1940)
6. Inside the Whale (1940)
7. The Lion and The Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" (1941)
8. Wells, Hitler and the World State (1941)
9. The Art of Donald McGill (1941)
10. Looking Back on the Spanish War (1943)
11. W. B. Yeats (1943)
12. Benefit of Clergy: Some notes on Salvador Dali (1944)
13. Arthur Koestler(1944)
14. Notes on Nationalism (1945)
15. How the Poor Die (1946)
16. A Nice Cup of Tea (1946)
17. Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels (1946)
18. Politics and the English Language (1946)
19. Second Thoughts on James Burnham (1946)
20. Decline of the English Murder (1946)
21. Some Thoughts on the Common Toad (1946)
22. A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray (1946)
23. In Defence of P. G. Wodehouse (1946)
24. Why I Write (1946)
25. The Prevention of Literature (1946)
26. Such, Such Were the Joys (1946)
27. The Moon Under Water (1946)
28. Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool (1947)
29. Reflections on Gandhi (1949)

Poems

1. Romance
2. A Little Poem
3. Awake! Young Men of England
4. Kitchener
5. Our Minds are Married, But we are Too Young
6. The Pagan
7. The Lesser Evil
8. Poem From Burma

Appendix II - The Autobiography of George Orwell

Blair was born on June 25, 1903 in Motihari, Bengal (modern Bihar), in India, when it was part of the British Empire under the British Raj. There, Blair's father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked for the opium department of the Civil Service. His mother, Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin), brought him to the United Kingdom at the age of one. He did not see his father again until 1907, when Richard visited England for three months before leaving again. Eric had an older sister named Marjorie, and a younger sister named Avril.

At the age of six, Blair was sent to a small Anglican parish school in Henley-on-Thames, which his sister had attended before him. Blair attended St Cyprian's on a scholarship that allowed his parents to pay only half of the usual fees. However, in his time at St Cyprian's, the young Blair successfully earned scholarships to both Wellington and Eton.

After a year at Wellington, Blair moved to Eton, During his time at the school, Blair made lifetime friendships with a number of future British intellectuals such as Cyril Connolly, the future editor of the Horizon magazine, in which many of Orwell's most famous essays were originally released. After Blair finished his studies at Eton, his family could not pay for university and he had no prospect of winning a scholarship, so in 1922 he joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. He came to hate imperialism, and when he returned to England on leave in 1927 he decided to resign and become a writer. He later used his Burmese experiences for the novel Burmese Days (1934) and in such essays as A Hanging (1931), and Shooting an Elephant (1936).

In 1928, he moved to Paris, where his aunt lived, hoping to make a living as a freelance writer. But his lack of success forced him into menial jobs – which he later described in his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London (1933). he moved back to England in 1929, using his parents' house in Southwold, Suffolk, as a base. Meanwhile, he became a regular contributor to John Middleton Murry's New Adelphi magazine.

Blair completed Down and Out in 1932, and it was published early the next year while he was working briefly as a schoolteacher at a private school in Hayes, Middlesex. Blair adopted the pen-name George Orwell just before Down and Out was published. He knew and liked the River Orwell in Suffolk and apparently found the plainness of the first name George attractive.

Orwell drew on his teaching experiences for the novel A Clergyman's Daughter (1935). From late 1934 to early 1936 he worked part-time as an assistant in a second-hand bookshop in Hampstead, an experience later partially recounted in the novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936).

In December 1936, Orwell went to Spain to fight for the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War against Francisco Franco's Nationalist uprising. Although he travelled alone to Spain, he became part of the Independent Labour Party contingent, a group of some 25 Britons who joined the militia of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), a revolutionary socialist party with which the ILP was allied.

In the months after July 1936 there was a profound social revolution in Catalonia, Aragon and other areas where the CNT was particularly strong. Orwell sympathetically describes the egalitarian spirit of revolutionary Barcelona when he arrived in Homage to Catalonia. By his own admission, Orwell joined the POUM rather than the communist-run International Brigades by chance — but his experiences, in particular his narrow escape from the communist suppression of the POUM in June 1937, made him sympathetic towards the POUM and turned him into a lifelong anti-Stalinist.

During his military service, Orwell was shot through the neck and nearly killed. He wrote in Homage to Catalonia that people frequently told him he was lucky to survive, but that he personally thought "it would be even luckier not to be hit at all." Back in the United Kingdom, Orwell supported himself by writing freelance reviews, mainly for the New English Weekly (until he broke with it over its pacifism in 1940) and then mostly for Time and Tide and the New Statesman. He joined the Home Guard soon after the war began (and was later awarded the Defence medal). In 1941 Orwell took a job at the BBC Eastern Service, mostly working on programmes to gain Indian and East Asian support for the United Kingdom's war efforts.

Despite the good pay, he resigned in 1943 to become literary editor of Tribune, the left-wing weekly then edited by Aneurin Bevan and Jon Kimche. Orwell was on the staff until early 1945, contributing a regular column titled "As I Please." In 1944, Orwell finished his anti-Stalinist allegory Animal Farm, which was published the following year with great critical and popular success. While Animal Farm was at the printer, Orwell left Tribune to become (briefly) a war correspondent for The Observer.

Orwell returned from Europe in spring 1945, shortly after his wife died during an operation (they had recently adopted a baby boy, Richard Horatio Blair, who was born in May 1944). For the next three years Orwell mixed journalistic work — mainly for Tribune, the Observer and the Manchester Evening News, though he also contributed to many small-circulation political and literary magazines — with writing his best-known work, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which was published in 1949. Originally, Orwell titled the book The Last Man in Europe, but his publisher, Frederic Warburg, suggested the change.

In 1949, Orwell was approached by a friend, Celia Kirwan, who had just started working for a Foreign Office unit, the Information Research Department, which had been set up by the Labour government to publish pro-democratic and anti-communist propaganda. He gave her a list of 37 writers and artists he considered to be unsuitable as IRD authors because of their pro-communist leanings. The list, not published until 2003, consists mainly of journalists (among them the editor of the New Statesman, Kingsley Martin) but also includes the actors Michael Redgrave and Charlie Chaplin. Orwell's motives for handing over the list are unclear, but the most likely explanation is the simplest: that he was helping out a friend in a cause — anti-Stalinism — that they both supported.

In October 1949, shortly before his death, he married Sonia Brownell. Orwell died in London at the age of 46 from tuberculosis, which he had probably contracted during the period described in Down and Out in Paris and London. Orwell's adopted son, Richard Horatio Blair, was raised by an aunt after his father's death. Blair worked for many years as an agricultural agent for the British government, and had no interest in writing.

Appendix I - The Summary of Animal Farm

The story takes place on a farm somewhere in England. The story is told by an all-knowing narrator in the third person. The action of this novels starts when the oldest pigs on the farm, Old Major, calls all animals to a secret meeting. He tells them about his dream of a revolution against the cruel Mr. Jones. Three days later Major dies , but the speech gives the more intelligent animals a new outlook on life. The pigs, who are considered the most intelligent animals, instruct the other ones. During the period of preparation two pigs distinguish themselves, Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon is big and although he is not a good speaker, he can assert himself. Snowball is a better speaker, he has a lot of ideas and he is very vivid.

Together with another pig called squealer, who is very good speaker, they work out the theory of Animalism. The rebellion starts some months later, when Mr. Jones comes home drunk one night and forgets to feed the animals they break out of the barns and run the house, where the food is stored. When Mr. Jones sees this he takes out his shotgun, but it is too late for him, all the animals fall over him and drive him off the farm. The animals destroy all the whips, nose rings, reins and all other instruments that have been used to suppress them. The same day the animals celebrate their victory with an extra ration food. The pigs make up the seven commandments, and they write them above the door of the big barn.

Animals also agree that no animals shall ever enter the farmhouse, and that no animal shall have contact with humans, this commandment is summarized in the simple phrase: “four legs good, two legs bad”. After some time, Jones comes back with some other men from the village to recapture the farm. The animals fight bravely, and they manage to defend the farm. Snowball and Boxer receive medals of honor for defending the farm bravely. And also Napoleon, who had not fought at all, takes a medal. This is the reason why the two pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, often argue. When snowball presents his idea to build a windmill, to produce electricity for the other animals, Napoleon calls nine strong dogs.

The dogs drive Snowball from the farm, and Napoleon explains that Snowball was in fact cooperating with Mr. Jones. He also explains that Snowball in reality never had a medal of honor, that snowball was always trying to cover up that he was fighting in the side of Mr. Jones. The animals then start building windmill, and as time passes the working time goes up, whereas the food ration rations decline. Although the other animals (except pigs and dogs) have enough food, the pigs go fatter and fatter.

They tell the other animals that they need more food to managing the farm. Some time later, the pigs explain to the other animals that the have to trade with the neighboring farms. The common animals are very upset, because since the rebellion there has been such resolution, and that it was an evil lie of Snowball. Shortly after this decision the pigs move to the farmhouse.

The other animals remember that there is a commandment that forbids sleeping in beds, and so they go to the big barn to look at the commandments. When they arrive there they can not believe their eyes, the fourth commandment has been changed to “no animals shall sleep in bed with sheet”. And the other commandments have also been changed “no animal shall kill other animals without radon” and no animals shall drink alcohol in excess”. Some months later a heavy storm destroys the windmill, which is nearly finished.

Napoleon excused snowball of destroying the mill. And he promises a reward to the animal that gets Snowball. The rebuilding of the windmill takes two years. Again Jones attacks the farm and although the animals defend it, the windmill is once again destroyed. The pigs decide to rebuild the mill again, and they cut down the food rations to minimum. One day Boxer breaks down. He sold to a butcher, but Napoleon tells the pigs that Boxer has been brought to hospital where he has died.

Three years later, the mill is finally completed. During this time Napoleon deepens the relations with the neighboring farm, and one day Napoleon even invites the owners of his farm, where the animals work very hard with a minimum food. During the celebration, all the other animals meet at the window of the farm, and when they look inside they can not distinguish between man and animals.

Chapter V - Conclusion

This novel is completely backed up by an intelligent script telling and involving story. Written by George Orwell Animal Farm becomes the famous novel in the ten years after its publications.

Animal Farm is a name of a farm which is run and managed by the animals where the pigs as the leaders, the dogs as the pig’s guard and other animals as its society in the farm. The name of Animal Farm is a substitute name of the previous name that is Manor Farm, which is mastery by Human’s being. Animal Farm actually tells about the great change which is purposed to breakthrough the domination of class upon another class, but it gives birth to new model of domination which is created by the dominee class itself.

Animal Farm symbolizes the state where the diversities of society exist and become the field to express any political activities that can not be separated from their aspect of life. Animal Farm also expresses how the political situation attains the power and authorities which are colored by the struggles and conflicts. The conflict of interest always emerges in the middle of diversities and different outlook of each party.

Orwell was very selective in choosing the basic character of the animals to make perfect description of the real figures outside the text. Orwell vividly matched the characters of animals with the related figures as well as portrayed the stratification the class which exists in the totalitarian regime of Stalin. The basic character of Pigs that always referred as greedy successfully represent the tyrant of Stalin; the dogs referred to the Stalin’s agent and guard has resemblance with its natural characters; the cart horses that represent the unskilled workers describe in the real character of horses as the hard workers even slaves for human being. Then the donkeys, rabbits, ravens and others that perfectly represent the low class based on its characters.

By analyzing above aspects the writer concludes that Animal Farm is a satire of a great historical event that is Russian Revolution. Orwell, the author paint a vivid pictures of that event to make it perfectly real in the reader’s mind, and has successfully retell that event to its readers. Orwell also succeeded to criticize a totalitarian regime under Stalin by uncover any unwise policies made by him.

Hopefully, this thesis will give some benefits to the readers especially for those who want to know about the history of Russian Revolution, including its impact to the Russian people.

This novel also gives us a good lesson that a revolution for a massive social changes can be manipulated or deviated by some people to serve their own interest, it also showed the frailty of human being where the good will turn to be evil when meet the self-interest. Another lesson is that whenever and wherever the conflict of interest will possibly emerge because human is by nature endowed with the character to be the dominant; that is why any betrayal or abuse often happens in any rank of organization when the sense to serve self-interest is more powerful than the sense of responsibility and solidarity.

Chapter IV - The Effects of the Revolution toward

A. The Change of The Pattern of Thought

1. The pigs
The change of the pattern of thought of animals initialed by the adoption of old Major’s thought about the freedom of animals. Old Major’s teaching is the root of animalism, which raise the spirit to be independent, to get rid of man’s domination. The change of the pattern of thought also happens to almost all animals in the farm, and the pigs the more intelligent animals have come firstly as the consumer as the Old Major’s thought. Old Major’s speech has given new outlook on life.

Major’s speech had given to the more intelligent animal in the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was duty to prepare it. The work of teaching and organizing the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognized as being the cleverest of the animals. (Animal Farm, 1945:15)

The pigs are animals that firstly absorb Major’s speech that rebellion has to be conducted to overthrow human’s domination. Before that they did not realize that they have been enslaved and dominated by human being. They used to think that it is their natural life. But after old major’s speech they get enlightenment, it changes the way of their thinking, to get their rights that have been curbed.

The commandments were written on the tarred wall in great white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They run thus, whatever goes upon two legs in an enemy, whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend, no animal shall wear clothes, no animals shall sleep in a bed, no animals shall drink alcohol, no animal shall kill any other animal, all animals are equal. (Animal Farm, 1945:23)

Then the pigs elaborated old major’s teaching into what it is called Animalism, which contain the value life and guide line of animals in the farm. The point of this concept is the freedom of animals from human interference and the respect of right among animals which is written in the seven commandments. In the commandment, it is elaborated the new outlook of animals life, to have the same right, to oppose human being and to leave any attribute and activities which is used by human being.

But this great mission of has been changing after the rebellion. The pigs have the different interest, the condition has changed after they look that the prosperous farm is theirs. Firstly the pigs become the director in the farm, which do not work instead supervise and direct others.

And tramp steadily round and round the field with pigs walking behind and calling out “gee up, comrade!” or ‘Whoa back, comrade!’ as the case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. (Animal Farm, 1945:25)

Finally Pigs positions themselves as the masters in the farm, they do not only direct others in work but also they have power to control and manage the farm. Less work and more talk could be said. But it is a familiar reason when the squealer that anything the pigs eat and do is for the sake of the prosperous Farm.

Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Surely, comrades, cried squealer almost pleadingly, skipping form side to side and whisking his tail, surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back? (Animal Farm 1945:33).

The pigs have made advantages on others’ stupidity, then squealer deceives others with his great talent in playing words. He explains to other animals that milk and apples are needed by pigs, not because they like it, but because of their need of the substances on those food which will be used to create well being pigs in the farm as the thinker. The only undebatable reason is to secure the farm from human invasion. The pigs that firstly has the same purpose with other has been changed after the rebellion, the pigs has become the new dominant master in the farm.

As Weber makes guideline of a power as a possibility that the doer or the power holder will be able to guard his interest even though opposed by others with whom he or she gets involved in interaction. While concept of domination according to Weber is a concept which refers to any power oppression cases, where the doer follow the specific order directed by others (Economy and Society, 1968: 62)

2. Other animals
Loane in the Theory of Mind states that everyday folk concepts beliefs and, desires and motives are a type of theory for predicting how other humans will behave (www.geocities.com/marcusra/of mind.htm)

The other animals are the hens, the sheep, the cows, the two cart horses those are Boxer and Clove, the white goat named Muriel, and the Donkey named Benjamin. They are the animals that later become the low class in the farm, take part as the workers.

Long before the rebellion happened, almost all animals have their old-fashioned thinking that what they experience is their natural life. Simply, they think that Jones is their master who must be followed loyally because he has feed them, and prevent them from starving.

At the beginning they met such stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty of the loyalty to Mr. Jones whom they referred to as ‘master’ or made elementary remarks such as ‘Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should starve to death. Others asked such question as ‘why should we care what happens after we dead? Or ‘if this rebellion to happen anyway, what difference does it make whether we work for it or not? (Animal Farm, 1945:16)

The animals acknowledged Mr. Jones as the one who has helped them, to give foods, and take care of them. They do not realize that they had been fooled by Jones. They don’t care about how hard they work and how minimum the food the gets in return, because they suppose that is their life.

The thought consumption has been changing the pattern of thinking of the most of animals in the farm. The spirit of animalism firstly is raised by the pigs as the first adopter then spread it to others. Rebellion comes onward due to the ignorance of Mr. Jones. Then in the post of rebellion is used by the pigs to teach other about animalism, a new concept that is completely different from before. It teaches them to highly respecting animals.

It was very neatly written, and except that ‘friend’ was written ‘freind’ and one of the’S’s’ was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of others. All animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once began to learn the Commandments by heart. (Animal Farm, 1945:23)

Because of the spirit of Animalism the animals would be ready to work hard, they work like slaves but they do it happily, even through the spring and summer even animals must work harder with longer hour, they have work a sixty hour week and even in August Napoleon ordered them to work in Sunday noon.

All that year the animals worked like a slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack idle, thieving human being. Throughout the spring and the summer they worked a sixty hour week, and inn august Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday after noon as well. (Animal Farm 1945:53)

The effect of thought consuming, the other animals have set their minds to be the master in the farm. They do not feel regretful for their scarification. Even they work like slaves, but they were happy as long as they feel that they are free from human being. The thought which is seed in animal’s mind by the old major is that human is their enemy, and then it is strengthened by the pigs represented by the squealer that whatever they do is to prevent Jones or his allies reinstate the farm.

When some animals are executed by Napoleon, the animals can do nothing, and Clover feels so sad to testify her Comrades being torn into peaces, she feels so sad but there is no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She still believes that they are still far better than they had been in Jones’ days.

Instead- she did not know why – they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, h\when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades, torn to peaces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of Human being (Animal Farm, 1945:76)

From above quotation known, that Clover and other animals have hard life after rebellion, even they such rude action by must be experienced by their own comrades, but they never think that such action is an abuse. They keep faithful, work hard and carry out the orders assigned by their leader, because they have been patterned in their mind that whatever happen id for the sake for their safety. To prevent Jones’ back, they think that their life is still far better than in Jones’ days.

Napoleon commands that once in once in a week, there should be held what is called Spontaneous Demonstration. A way to celebrate the triumph of animal farm, they have more songs, more speeches, and procession. Then they march around the farm in military formation. Some animals’ thinks that it is wasting time but most animals enjoy such celebration and make them forget their misery life and empty bellies.

The sheep were the greatest devotees of Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as A few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of ‘four legs good, two legs bad!’ but by and large the animals enjoyed this celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all, they were truly their own masters and that then work they did was for their own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer’s list of figures, the thunder of gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies empty, at least part of the time. (Animal Farm, 1945:98).

From the above quote described that animals really do not realize that they have been exploited by their own comrades, the pigs. They always flattered by a belief that they are free; they are the master for themselves. They are too proud with their triumph upon human beings, that make them even forget that their life is worst, they live in starving and bad condition.

When the animals live in hungry, sleep on straw, drink from the pool, labor in the field, sometimes pasting in their mind where is the bitter life, whether known or in Jones’ time, but they can not remember the past and squealer always keep explaining to them that everything getting better and better and the animals never gave up hope, they keep their sense of honor & privileged of being the member of Animal Farm.

And yet the animals never gave up hope. More they never lost, even for an instant, their sense of honors or privilege in being members of animal farm. They were still the only farm in the whole country – in al England!- owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the youngest, not even the new comers who had been brought from farms ten or twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. ( Animal Farm, 1945:111)

The animals are proud enough with their triumph and success to build the farm by themselves, it does not matter they life in misery, and hard work they really get satisfied to being the member of Animal Farm. Their pride has made them receipt the consequences of being the member in animal Farm, being the slaves of the pigs. The thought consuming have form their pattern of thought about liberty in their own narrow perception, in their view freedom is being free from human domination even thought must be fall to other master that is the pigs.

This condition actually represents the change of pattern of thought of Russian people in the post revolution. The pigs are representation of the Stalin and the officials, and the dogs represent his Guard that is KGB. The change of pigs represents the change of Stalin and the official who turn to serve their own interest. Stalin. Stalin is the official of the party beside Lenin and Trotsky, then rise to power after the death of Lenin and the exile of Trotsky. Trotsky helped by his allies and KGB as his guard has become a dictator leader.

As stated by Adam B Ulam that “ for amazing as it may seem now, there was still general disbelief that Stalin was capable of becoming a sole dictator. He was a man who was dangerous because of his organizational skill. It was thought but he need a more subtle theoretical mind to guide him in political matters” (Stalin, the Man & his Era, 1973:253)

Stalin who is acknowledged as the applicant of Marxism, has deviated term of dictatorship in Marxism which means workers’ democracy, has been deviated to the totalitarian that will destroy anyone who opposes his policy. The spirit of Stalin to create Socialism Country has been changed to the will to serve his own interest.

And the change of other animals represents the changes of Russian people, to be the loyalist in supporting socialism country under Stalin. Russian people have given great sacrifices toward the government in the construction of Great industries through five year plan and collectivization policy made by Stalin.

Clover and other animals except Pigs and dogs in this novel represent the peasantry and the workers in Russia who have to work extra hard to support the realization of socialist country, which laid its basic strength in productive force. As Lamont in his book Soviet Civilization state that the third five year plan scheduled for 1930-1942 was designed to continue this progress but with the growing of menace of foreign aggression and the outbreak of the second world war in 1939, the stress had to be shifted to the production of defense implements such as Guns, Airplanes, thanks and accelerated increase in consumer goods was necessary postponed. Again the sacrifices on the part of the Soviet people paid off in the terms of the future (Lamont, 1952:42).

He also states that in the post revolution era Russian has to make great sacrifices to the foundation of Socialism nation. Since the revolution the domestic or international situation has repeatedly called on them to make tremendous sacrifices, but those sacrifices have always had meaning and purpose. The soviet people have suffered, bled and died as they did during the Nazi onslaught from 1941-1945. In order to preserve their new socialist order and to press forward with the fulfillment of the Marxist ideal of society, guaranteeing security abundance and freedom to every one. (Lamont, 1952:41)

During Stalin reign, there are some threat from other country, specially German. At first Stalin made cooperation agreement with Hitler, and German agree that they will not attack Russia, but Hitler betrayed the agreement and in preparing to invade Russia. This moment is used by Stalin to attract sympathy and raise their spirit to defend the country, and all citizens give anything they have to defend the country.

B. The Division Of Class

Karl Marx defined class in terms of the extent to which an individual or social group has control over the means of production. In Marxist term class is a group of people defined by their relationship to the means of production. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/class analysis).

1. High Class
In Animal Farm, since the earlier of the post-rebellion, the pigs have become the superior. Before the reign of Napoleon even the pigs have positioned themselves as a more respected class. They take important place among other in any aspects of animal life in the farm. Ranging from the division of works, foods to the shelter. In the chapter II, when they began to run their farm, while other animals are working hardly, the pigs take place as the master or director of the animals.

But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood business of mowing and raking far better than John and his men had ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised others. With their special knowledge it as natural that they should assume the leadership. (Animal Farm, 1945: 25)

It also happens with food sharing, the pigs always get special ration than others. While other animals eat grain or drink water from the pool, while the pigs eat the most luxurious food in the farm that is apples and drink milk which is feeded from the cow.

We pigs are brain-workers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend of us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes surely, comrade, cried squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back (Animal Farm, 1945:33)

With their smartness, the pigs have manipulated the other animals to be treated specially and act rudely. The class classification appeared in the section the pigs as the superior and the others as inferior. Even in the case of sleep, the pigs live in Jones’s house, and sleep in bed, Napoleon even wears Jones' clothes and drinks alcohol, while the others sleep in he barn with inadequate food.

It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was also more suited to the dignity of the leader (for the late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of ‘Leader’) to live in a house than in a mere sty. (Animal Farm, 1945:59)

Napoleon also built School room privately for the education of the pigs, even there is a regulation to the other animals that they should stand aside when they meet the pigs on the path, and they also establish privilege for the pigs to wearing green ribbon in the tails on Sunday.

It was announced that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would be built in the farm house garden. For the time being, the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with other young animals. About this time too, it was laid down as a rule that when a pigs and any other animal met on the path, the other animal must stand aside, and also that the pigs, of whatever degree, were to have privilege of wearing green ribbons an their tails on Sunday (Animal Farm, 1945:96)

Class division also emerges in educational field. Only the pigs that have the right to get education in the farm. Even the pigs are isolated from other animals and discouraged form playing with them. The pigs also positioned themselves as the high class shown in their behavior when met with the other animals, the other animals must stand aside to respect the pigs, also special attribute like green ribbon is purposed to differentiate them with other animals.

2. Low Class
Since in the earlier page the other animals except the pigs have become the workers in the farm. The workers are the representation of the lower class. Other animals would devote themselves until the last atom of their energy to the development of the farm. Since they were convinced that the farm is theirs, than they can harvest the corps by themselves. The spirit of the animals is inspired by the spirit of animalism which is written in the seventh commandment, the seventh article that sounds all animals are equal.

How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in ! But their efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped. Sometimes the work was hard, the implements has been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. (Animal Farm, 1945:25)

All animals participate in the working of the farm, except the pigs, taking part as the supervisor to other animals, even the hens and the ducks contribute to the humblest work in the farm. All participate according to their capacity. Because of their foolishness they are often taken advantage by the pigs.

In case of the state of mind, the other animals couldn’t go beyond the pigs, even thought they have been thought by Snowball, the pioneer pigs in the farm. Only some of them who can read and write well, even some only can not remember all letters by heart

Muriel the goat, could read somewhat better the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the other in the evenings from scraps of news paper which she found on the rubbish heap. Benjamin could read as well as any pigs, but never exercised his faculty. So far as he knew he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learns the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D, he would trace out A, B,C,D in the dust with the great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears back. (Animal Farm, 1945:30)

Muriel and Benjamin can be said cleverer than others, but they never show up or rare to use their ability. Clover, Boxer and other are the stupid animals they even could not remember all the letters by hearth. That is way they can not read and write. It indicates their position as the lower class who always identical with the backwardness.

All animals work like slaves, even they have to work sixty hour per week, and work on Sunday afternoon, they cannot refuse it or absent from this duty, unless they will get their rations being reduced. Napoleon has made the decision by themselves that can not be rejected by others.

Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it should be having his ration reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. (Animal Farm, 1945:53)

Napoleon policy can not be cancelled. It is really new exploitation for them, when they have to surrender their power till the last atom of their energy, while they get minimum rewards, even for food, they don’t get much more better than in the Jones’ era. Even they have to get their ration being reduced by half if they are absent in Sunday, the ridiculous policy made by Napoleon.

The other animals also have no right to either make or reject the decision or policy which is applied in the farm. Even though the policy seems to be the odds thing and don’t stand aside for them they stand quietly, sometimes just murmured but then will be calm down after get explanation from squealer.

Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealing with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money-had not these been among the earliest resolution passed at that first triumphant meeting after Jones expelled? All the animals remember passing such resolutions, or at least they thought that they remember it. (Animal Farm, 1945:57)

Engaged in trade with human is a betrayal for the previous missions of the animals, but Napoleon makes this policy without any agreement from other animals. Their prior mission is to get rid of humans, to eliminate all attribute that resemblance with human and in the commandment even stated that: the “four legs is friend, two legs in enemy”. Even though it is a vague and odd thing for other animals, but they can not cast their complaint against Napoleon decision.

After the reign of Napoleon be a leader in the Farm, the only the pigs the animals who can get education. Even Napoleon builds special school for the pig, while the other animals prepare the materials to build the institution for the pigs.

The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar, it was possible to guess as their parentage. It was announced that later, when the brick and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would be built in the farm house garden. They took their exercise in the garden. For the time being, the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. (Animal Farm, 1945:96)

The gap between the pigs and the other animals is strongly shown from the above quote, the other animals just become the workers to complete all facility for the pigs, and they can not enjoy the facility in the farm. Even they are just rewarded minimum food, even victimized their rations being reduced, while the facility for the pigs is increased.

This condition actually portrays the condition in Russia in the post revolution where the society is divided into two classes that are the official as the high class and the working class as the low class. As the economy leapt forward, the wages and perks of top official grow much faster than the real wages of the workers. Some bureaucrats held several positions, thereby drawing several salaries. A system of subsidies for officials was also introduced from the level of chairman of a city soviet upwards. The rule preventing Communist Party officials receiving more than a skilled worker was formally abolished.

The bureaucracy was eager to share in the growing surplus produced by the labor of the Russian working class. It devoured, wasted and embezzled a considerable proportion of the national income. A small group of top officials were receiving privilege as early as the first Five-Year Plan by the creation of a system of special shops, distributing centers, and dining rooms, where goods could be obtained at fixed prizes- a great privilege in a period of inflation.

Other privilege is gradually built up such as a special hospital, holiday homes, dachas, etc. extra perks were also received by the Party officials for conferences, congresses, and so on. As parasites, the bureaucracy sought a bigger and bigger share of the national wealth.

C. The Famine
While the high class is prosperous enough, the working classes must stay in the threat of famine. When the shortage of food crashes the farm, the animals except pigs and dogs have had their ration being reduced. As usual this policy cannot be undoing, and the animals just stay in calm.

Meanwhile the life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been, and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principle of animalism. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were not in reality short of food, whatever the appearance might be. (Animal farm, 1945:95)

When the food is going shorter because the animals must make the windmill be the first priority, consequently, they don’t much concern with the farm that is way their store of food is going short. Again and again the majority of animal must be victimized. They must work hard under insufficient foods.

Still it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of the eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, the animals could feel so hopeful about it has they had felt before. They were always cold, and usually hungry as well (Animal Farm, 1945:64)

The construction of the windmill has made animals to devote their maximum energy to the farm. The animals must work harder after the ruin of the windmill, because they have to rebuild it in stronger construction, which really use up energy and cost. Due to this fact, their store of food is going shorter. Consequently the animals must be the victim.

In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough. The potatoes had become soft and discolored, and only a few were edible. For days at time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangles. Starvation seemed to stare them in the face. (Animal Farm 1945:65)

The condition of the animals is going worst, besides they must work extra hard, they must get their food being reduced, and it is not experienced by the dogs and the pigs. Even they must eat potatoes which are not edible for them. And the starvation just comes about to them.

Throughout that year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular work of the farm, was a tremendous labor. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hour and fed no better than they had done in Jones’s day. (Animal Farm 1945:79)

For the second time the windmill fell in ruin and it is the duty of animals to rebuild it. They have to work harder, even the hardest work and have to work with longer hour and fed no better than in the Jones’s day when they are enslaved, dominated. So their life is not much better than the past even worse, because they have overburdened work and lack of food.

In the winter when the store of food is going shorter, once again the rations were reduced except pigs and dogs. Meanwhile their life was hard, because they have to work in the chilly weather with in sufficient food. It is the real misery for the majority of animals in the farm

Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been, and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. Too rigid equality in rations, squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of animalism. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were not in reality short of food, whatever the appearance might be. For the time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make readjustment of rations. (Animal Farm, 1945:95)

The animals are always been victimized under bad condition, while the dogs and pigs still have the better life of the other misery. The animals have to be reduced their ration to support the run of the farm. But as usual squealer persuasively can convince other that it is not reduction but readjustment. The conspiracy of the pigs to exploit others animals really work out. And even it is done by squealer under the bad condition of the animals.

After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. (Animal Farm, 1945:100)

In the middle of the summer, they have to work like slaves; even Boxer who just heals from his wound must keep working, besides they have to build another windmill they also have to build school for the pigs. It is really contradiction, while the animals live in starving, work with the empty belly, the pigs just enjoy the all the facility inherited by Jones even, the animals build the facility for the pigs.

Famine which happens in Animal Farm actually represents the condition of Russia under Stalin Regime. The Russian civil war and war communism had a devastating effect on the country’s economy which is represented in anima farm with the attack of Humans into the farm.

A recover followed under the new economic policy, which allowed a degree of market flexibility within the context of socialism, under Stalin’s direction, this was replaced by a system of centrally ordained five year plans in the late 1920s. This called for a highly ambition program of state guided crash industrialization and collectivization of agricultural. This program is represented by the building of windmill in the farm and the collection of eggs four hundred per week.

With no seed capital, little international trade, and virtually no modern infrastructures, Stalin’s government financed industrialization by both restraining consumption on the part of ordinary Soviet citizen, to ensure that capital went for re-investment into industry by the ruthless extraction of wealth from the peasantry. In 1933, worker’s real earning sank to about one-tenth of the 1926 level. There was also use of unpaid labor of both common and political prisoners in labor camps and frequent mobilization communist and komosol members for various construction progress (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/josef Stalin)

The above fact is portrayed in the Animal Farm with the reduction of animal’s rations except the pigs’ and dogs’ also the extra work of other animals to rebuild windmill. The ruin of windmill symbolizes the industrialization in Russia under Stalin. Lamont in his book Soviet Civilization states that during the autumn and winter of 1921-1922, the Soviet Union suffered drought and famine aggravated by the shattered state of transportation and ravages of counter revolution & intervention and the war weariness of the peasantry, this crisis of crops & hunger brought another fearful toll. With at least a thousand of people perishing (Lamont, 1952:36)

Moorhead in the Russian Revolution from above stated that Soviet agriculture was collectivized at the cost of untold human misery. Living standards in the village fell catastrophically as rural handicraft than private trade collapse and above all, the peasantry lost control over the crop. For the same, the consequences were fatal. Serious harvest failure in 1931 & 1932, brought on by the dislocation of collectivization as well as by severely adverse weather conditions, caused horrendous famine in 1933 when at least one million an as many as five million died of disease and starvation (1985: 228).

All above condition is described in Animal farm with the misery of all animals under Napoleon Regime. The rebuild of windmill represents the five years plans and the build of school represents the build up of infrastructures which is enforced by Stalin under the bad economic condition of Russia. The policy which is implemented by Napoleon symbolizes the policy of Stalin.

Chapter III - the Transformation of the System and Ideology of Russia Portrayed in Animal Farm

A. The Animal Characters in Representing the Marxist Society and Ideology

1. Symbolism in Animal Farm
Orwell’s symbolism in Animal Farm is presented to represent the figures of Russian Revolution. Orwell symbolizes the figures with animals and some important places with the farm. The main figure in the story is the pigs. Orwell uses the pigs to surround and support napoleon. They symbolize the communist party loyalist and the friend of Stalin, as well as perhaps the Duma or Russian parliaments.

Pigs are commonly associated with greed, like a verb “as greedy as pig”, in Animal Farm the pigs unlike other animals live in luxury and enjoy the benefit of the society the help to control. The pigs become so corrupt, greedy and be hungry to have power, and take advantages on others’ stupidity.

Comrade!’ he cried. You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proven by science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. (Animal Farm, 1945:32)

32Above speech is the pigs’ conspiracy among the other animals in the farm. Through squealer, the persuasive talker, the pigs takes any advantages for themselves and bends it as if for other interest. They hide their greed under their smart tactic to deceive others.

Orwell also uses Dogs in his book to represents the KGB or perhaps more accurately bodyguards of Stalin, as dogs is often associated with humans’ bodyguard. KGB was the umbrella organization name for the principal Soviet security agency, the principal intelligence agency, and the principal secret police agency. Dogs usually lived with and worked with human in so many roles that their loyalty has earned them sobriquet “man’s best friend” (www.wikipedia.org/dog).

Dog also usually has high sensitivity and intelligent, besides it has six senses which differentiates it with others. As the KGB which is trusted as the agent of Soviet security and was envisioned as the “sword and shield” of the Bolshevik Revolution and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union., the Dogs in Animal Farm is has the role to secure Napoleon from any disturbance and criticisms from other animals.

Sheep is also used in Animal Farm; sheep are used to represent the ignorant and uneducated masses of revolutionary Russia. The sheep are unable to be taught the subtleties of revolutionary ideology and can only be taught repetitive slogans such as "Four legs good, two legs bad" which they bleat in unison at rallies. This is due to the widespread perception that sheep lack intelligence and also their undoubted herd mentality.

Orwell’s use of Donkey also appeared in this novel, the donkey has long been a symbol of ignorance. Because of its connection with ignorance, in modern slang, referring to someone as a dumbest means that they are unintelligent. Many people would find this term vulgar and rude.( http: // en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Donkey), while rats and rabbits, who are regarded as wild animals, somehow represent the socialist movement, the so called “Mencheviki”. In the beginning of the book the animals vote if rats and rabbits be Comrades. Mencheviki, the term for Menshevik adherer were a faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged after a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, both members of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Mensheviks is derived from Russian words which mean “minority”, this group assume that it is better to have a large party of activists with broad representation. In Animal Farm eventhough the character of Rat an dRabbit is not described clearly, but the doubt of old major to choose them as comrade or not, can be the representation of the dislike and disbelieve of other animals toward Rat and Rabbit. As they have different physical appearance and character from others.

Pigeons, the pigeons are specials animals that can be trained or utilized by human being for their interest such as deliver letter, or messages. The pigeon in Animal Farm symbolize Soviet propaganda, not to Russia but to other countries like Germany, England, France, and even in United States. Russia has created iron curtain even before War World II. in this book Orwell mentions the fact that the other farmers become suspicious and worried when their animals begin to sing Beasts of England. Many western governments have had similar problems with their people in this century.

Farm building stands for the Kremlin. In the early days of the USSR there were sightseeing tours through the Kremlin. Later it becomes residence of Stalin. While Windmill stands for the Russian industry, that has been built by the working class. While Frederick stands for Hittler, Foxwood farm represents England, Pinchfield symbolizes Germany. These country has much dealing in Russia Post-Revolution.


2. The Characterization in Animal Farm
The novel Animal Farm is a satire of Russian revolution, and therefore full of symbolism and the characters in the story actually represent the figures outside the text who dealing much in Russian Revolution:

1. Mr. Jones
Mr. Jones in one of Orwell’s villain in animal Farm. Orwell says that at one time Jones was actually a decent master to his animals. At this time the animal was thriving. But in recent years the farm had fallen on harder times and opportunity was seen to revolt. Mr. Jones imitates Czar Nicolas II, the leader before Stalin (Napoleon). Mr. Jones represents the old government, the last of the Czars. Orwell suggests that Jones was losing his edge. In fact he and his men had taken up the habit of drinking.

In the past years Mr. Jones, although a hard master had been a capable farmer, but of late he late he had fallen to evil days. He had become much disheartened after losing money in lawsuit, and had taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading newspaper, drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in bear. (Animal Farm P.18).

Jones is a symbol of the arbiter, as the master in the farm; he makes benefit from the animals to serves his interest. In Animal Farm this figure actually symbolizes the arbitrary regime of Czar Nicolas II.

In the beginning of 1905 Nicholas II was in much more danger from his own people than from the foreign enemy in the east, eleven months of unsuccessful campaigning had broken the morale of the Russian army, and in this cities civilians were sick of working at pressure and in miserable conditions for a war they did not support and understood.

Some two hundred thousand men and women and children gathered on the snowbound streets, carrying icons and pictures of the czar. Meanwhile Nicholas had left Petrograd. At all events, the panic had seized the military officers who had been left by the Czar to deal with the situation and they called on the marchers to stop the dispute.

The workers were in an exalted state of mind and they were convinced that they had only to reach the Czar for their case to be understood when they came on again the soldier of the palace guard opened fire. They fired from the distance of only ten or twenty yard straight into the screaming, struggling mass of people, and there was horrible carnage more than five hundred was killed and several thousand wounded (Russian Revolution, 1965:55).

This event has lingered in Russian people’s mind, the survivors remembered so well were the red blood on the snow, they remembered the bloody Sunday and the bodies lying in the street of Petrograd.

Nicholas II also symbolizes totalitarian in monarchial regimes, untouched by people’s misery, suppress the people with the long working hour with minimum salary.

2. Old Major
Old major is the first major character described by Orwell in Animal Farm. This pure-bred of pigs is the kind, grandfatherly philosopher of change, an obvious metaphor for Karl Marx. Old Major proposes solution to the animals’ desperate plight under the Jones “admiration” when he inspires a rebellion of sorts among the animals.

Now Comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it, our life are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much foods as will keep the breath in our bodies and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength, and the very instant that our usefulness has come to and end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. (Animal farm, 1945:8)

From the speech above it is obvious, that the old major is the rebellious who really concern with the condition of animals at the time, and take pity on their fate, therefore he propose the change for animals. Of course the actual time of the revolt is untold. It could be the next day or several generations down the road. But Old Major’s idea is only an ideal. He said “It is not clear then Comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of Human beings? only get rid of Man, and the produce of labor would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free” (Animal Farm, 1945:10)

After his death, three days after the barn-yard speech, the socialism he professes is drastically altered when Napoleon and other pigs begin to dominate. It is interesting that Orwell does not mention Napoleon or Snowball at any time during the great speech of the old major. This shows how distant and out of touch they really were, the ideal Old Major proclaimed seemed to not even have been considered when they were establishing their new government after the successful revolt. It is almost seems as though the pigs fed off old Major’s inspiration and the used it to benefit themselves instead of following through on the old Major’s honest proposal. This could be Orwell’s attempt to dig Stalin, whom many consider to be someone who totally ignored Marx’s political and social theory. Using Old Major’s apparent naivety, Orwell concludes that no society is perfect, no pure socialist civilization can exist, and there is no way to escaping the evil grasp of capitalism. Unfortunately, when Napoleon and Squealer take over, Old Major becomes a distant and more distant fragment of the past in the mind of the farm animals

1. Napoleon
The pigs in this story represent the political figures in Russia post-revolution. The pigs are described as the smarter figures and the dominator in the farm. Since the beginning of the revolution the pigs have led the other animals to manage the farm, teach and organize them even the pigs acting as the supervisor during the animal farm building.

The pigs didn’t actually work, but directed and supervised the others with their superior knowledge. It was natural that they should assume the leadership (Animal Farm 1945:25).

The pigs are represented by two popular figures, they are Napoleon and Snowball, Napoleon is the portrayal of Stalin while Snowball portrays Leon Trotsky.

Napoleon is Orwell’s villain in Animal farm. Napoleon the pig is really the central character on the farm, obviously a metaphor for Stalin, comrade Napoleon represents the human frailties of any revolution. From the beginning of post revolution George Orwell has described the split character between Napoleon and Snowball, even for the case of education, Napoleon believes that education for the young is the most important, while for snowball organizing and teaching other animals in other farm is more important. Napoleon seems to be an Idealist and rather difficult to receipt other opinions.

Napoleon took no interesting Snowball’s committees; he said that the education of the young was more important than anything that would be done for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to nine sturdy puppies, as soon as they wear weaned, napoleon took them away from their mother, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached by a ladder from the harness room and there kept them in such seclusion. The rest of the farm soon forgot their existence. (Animal farm 1945:32)

From above description, Napoleon is an idealist who really concern with education, but the education which he meant is for the special animals to support them. He takes Jessie’s Puppies to be thought being his guard. Napoleon also become so corrupt in the farm, claims themselves as the thinker, so they take ration more than others, even they store up the milk and the apples to make the mash for the pig themselves, and they ignore other animals’ complaint.

The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up, it was mixed every day into the pig’s mash. The early apples were now ripening and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfall, the animals had assumed as a matter of coursed it would be shared equally, one day however the order went forth that all the windfall were for the use of the pigs. At this some of the animals murmured but it was no use (Animal Farm 1945:32)

The pigs have become the special class who gets special foods, milk and apples are the luxurious foods in the farm and the only pigs that can eat this kind of foods. While the other animals eat grain.

Several months after the revolution Mr. John’s allies come back to the farm, to take over the farm, but it can be extinguished by the animals’ struggle. Several time after, the human’s invasion, the differences between Napoleon and snowball is uncover. The dispute rose steeply when snowball conveying his plain to built windmill and Napoleon stands in opposite side of Snowball’s plan.

Napoleon is a cold hearted and cunning, when snowball’s plan are completed, it is time to decide whether or not the farm is started, Napoleon can’t hide his envy to Snowball. The conflict is ended with the expulsion of snowball from the farm , Napoleon has had his own soldier that is the dogs, he took from their mother then he teach privately being his guard, this soldier is firstly ordered to attack Snowball which ended with the expulsion of Snowball from the farm.

Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster than ever, and then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball’s tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more. (Animal Farm, 1945:47)

Snowball is expelled from the farm forcedly, because he is regarded as the dangerous one that will endanger his position, which is why Napoleon really wants to eliminate Snowball from the farm. By using the power of the dogs Napoleon has successfully expelling snowball from Animal Farm and since then Napoleon become the sole leader in the farm.

Napoleon also a slander, he always blames Snowball with whatever problem emerge in Animal Farm, when the windmill which just about completed then it falls in ruin because of shout-west wind, immediately Napoleon stand up before all animal and make announcement that Snowball is the one who must be in charge of the accident and than pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball.

Snowball has done this thing!, in sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrade here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. (Animal Farm, 1945:62)

Napoleon accuses Snowball as a traitor, the betrayal who always comes at night to destroy the farm. Without any clear proof Napoleon judges snowball and pronounces the death sentence upon Snowball. Characters of Animal farm actually represent the real figure of Russian revolution that is Josef Stalin. Stalin’s rule was characterized by a strong cult personality, an extreme concentration of power and little concern for the harsh consequences of strict policies. Stalin attempted to suppress all opposition through a bureaucratic and arbitrary network of terror.

Stalin is always in opposed with Trotsky which is described in the novel as the opposition Napoleon against Snowball. During the period, Stalin abandoned the traditional Bolsheviks emphasis on international revolution in favor of policy of building “Socialism in One Country”, in contrast to Trotsky’s theory of Permanent Revolution.

Stalin has good position to build in his own power to be dominant in the party. This position was an unwanted one between the parties but Stalin saw its potential as power base. The position had great influence on those who joined the party. This allowed him to fill the party with his allies. (www.en.wikipedia.org/Josef Stalin). It is described in Animal farm in the isolation of Puppies from their mother by Napoleon.

An important feature of Stalin rise is the way that he manipulated his opponents and played them off against each other. Stalin formed “Troika” of himself, Zinoviev and Kamenev against Trotsky. It is also represented by the tactic of Napoleon to spread out fake issues about Snowball’s involvement of Human’s attack to Animal Farm. The conflict between Napoleon and Snowball is ended with the expulsion of Snowball from the farm by Napoleon and his allies which is presented in the story, when Stalin was supreme among the leadership, Trotsky was exiled because of his opposition.

Stalin’s regime moved the force collectivization of agriculture. This was in order to increase agricultural output from large-mechanized farm, to bring the peasantry under more direct political control, to make tax collection more efficient, and to provide workers for Gulags. many historian agree that the disruption caused by collectivization was largely responsible for major famine (www.wikipedia.org/Josef Stalin) This was told in the story by the hard work of animals to built the windmill, even to work 18 hour per week and work in Sunday afternoon. With insufficient food, that makes many animals died.

2. Snowball.
Orwell describes Snowball as a pig very similar to Napoleon at lasting the early stages. Both pigs wanted a leadership position in the new economic and political system which is actually contradictory to the wide supposed system of equality.

Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. The best known among them was small fat pig named squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movement, and a shrill voice. (Animal Farm 1945:15)

Snowball is a firm and the optimist one and full of spirit to raise the animal’s awareness of animalism to fight against human domination. He is quick in speech therefore it is not difficult to built his reputation, he also has many ideas for the future of the farm, such as the build of the farm, electricity and the flag.

Comrade, said Snowball, those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons? Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. The pigs had an even harder struggle to counter act the lies put about by Moses the tame raven (Animal farm 1945:17)

Snowball is also the one who firmly opposes human’s attribute as it is stated in the Seven Commandment “no Animal Shall wear clothes” even Snowball throws Ribbons which usually used to decorate horse’s tail. Snowball is also the best in writing in the farm, he is the one who removes the name Manor Farm, and changes it into Animal Farm

Snowball had found in the harness room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones’s and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the farm house garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green field of England, while the hoof and the horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown.(Animal Farm 1945:28)

Snowball also finds the flag which become the symbol of animalism in animal farm with hoof and horn which signifies future Republic of Animal Farm. Green color of flag symbolizes England.
Snowball is also good organizer and good teacher of other animals, he organize other animals into committees and teach them writing and reading, even though the committees finally fail but the writing and reading classes is a greet success.

Snowball also busied himself with organizing the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this…,. The reading and the writing class however were in great success. By the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree. As the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. (Animal Farm 1945:29)

Snowball forms committees to build animal’s power and in order to make easier control and teaching to animals. Snowball also has writing and reading class for other animals which make them literate in some degree. Even though not all of them can read and write perfectly, but at least the stupidest among them know the letters which they never know before. The great success of this program is indicated by the perfect learner of the pigs and the dogs, who can read and write fairly well.

Snowball also creative. He is the one who gives birth to new Maxim “for legs good, two legs bad”. He declared that the Maxim has reflected the seven commandments; the Maxim is drawn to seed essential principle of Animalism into every animals mind as some of them is find difficulties to understand or remember it by heart.

Snowball is also the good Commander in the farm which is proven in the Battle of Cowshed, animals also initiated by Snowball has spread out the spirit of animalism to make rebellion to the animals in the neighbor farm, by sending the Pigeon whose the instructions were to mingle with the animals the tune of the Beast of England. It gives great impact to the neighbor farm, and the owner of the farm became so worries than the reinstate the farm to get the farm back, but Snowball with his Great bravery and his skill in command has succeeded to expel the human from the farm. He acts bravery until he gets shot in his back.

As the human beings reproached the farm building, snowball launched his first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and fro aver the men’s heads and muted upon them from mid-air, and while the men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding the hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs.(Animal Farm, 1945:37)

Snowball acts as the commander in the battle of cowshed by forming animals into groups as the tactic to defeat human being, his good command is proven in this battle, where the animals foe the second time successfully expel human being from the farm. Even though he gets shot in back.

Snowball is also smart and inventive, beside he is the best in writing, organizing and commanding other animals, snowball also enrich his knowledge by reading Jones’s books which make him being ever researcher and inventive, he also full of plans for innovation and improvement, thus his plans to build windmill become his great Project which makes him expelled from the Farm.

Within a few weeks Snowball’s plans for the windmill were fully worked out. The mechanical details come mostly from three books which had belonging to Mr.Jones-One Thousand Useful Things to Do about the House, Every Man His Own Bricklayer, and Electricity for Beginners. Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for Incubators and had a smooth wooden floor , suitable for drawing on (Animal Farm, 1945:44)

Snowball learns to write and read by himself, after able to read he always ever research any knowledge and science. He successfully understands Jones’s books which then enable him to apply in the realistic plan that is to build windmill. He plans to build windmill that will make easier way for animals to do his job in modern way, also to built electricity to lighten the farm and to create prosperity in Animal Farm.

The character of Snowball actually describes Leon Trotsky The Russian revolutionist. Trotsky was one of the Bolsheviks leaders to recognize the problem and be pushed for the formation of a military council of Former Russian General that would function as an advisory body.

Trotsky’s resignation as commissar for foreign affair was officially accepted and he was appointed people’s commissar of army and navy affairs in place of podvoisley and chairman of the supreme military council. The past of the commander in chief was abolished and from that point on Trotsky was in full control of the Red Army. (www.wikipeia.org/Leon Trotsky)

Trotsky and Stalin is always in disagreement especially in the theory of revolution, Trotsky has strong believe in his theory of permanent revolution while Stalin more prefer to his Socialism in one country, according to Trotsky the spirit of revolution must be spread out to others country in order to make secure their own country, whereas Stalin has an opposite opinion.

It is described in animals by the disagreement between snowball and Napoleon to defense the farm. According to Napoleon, what the animal must do was to procure fire-arms and train themselves in the use of them. While, according to Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other animals.

During this period, Stalin abandoned the traditional Bolsheviks emphasizes on international revolution in favor of a policy of building “socialism in one country” in contrast to Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution (www. Wikipedia .org /Josef Stalin)

Because of this opposition Trotsky was exiled from the party even murdered by Stalin’s Agents. Trotsky was expelled from the Commissar of Red Army and accused as Mensheviks because of his critics to Stalin’s arbitrary and economic policy (Suseno 2005 : 60)

3. Squealer
Squealer is an intriguing character in Orwell’s animal farm. He is first described as manipulator and persuader. He could turn black into white. Squealer is a loyal follower of Napoleon who devoted all for the leader no matter it is right or wrong. He is very smart in playing words to persuade others and always stand for Napoleon. His persuasive tactic is shown in the way he explained to others about Napoleon’s policy such as the removal of some commandment, the decrease of rations, corruption and the execution of other animals.

Comrades! He cried, you do not imagine, I hope that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? many of us actually dislike of milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking this things is to preserve our health. Milk and apple (this has been proved by science, Comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well- being of pigs. (Animal Farm, 1945:32)

Squealer is good talker in playing words; he is very expert to deceive other animals with his explanations, he able to mention the proof to ensure his words. As written in the above speech, he convinces others that the milk and apple the most luxurious food in the farm is only deserved for pigs as the thinker in the farm. Because these foods is full of substances which only needed by Napoleon and his allies. It is actually the real proof of the greed of the pigs, and also shows their arrogance which regards themselves as the high class in the farm

6. Boxer
The name boxer is cleverly used by Orwell as metaphor for the Boxer rebellion in china in the early twentieth century. It was this rebellion which signaled the beginning of communism in red china. This form of communism much like the distorted Stalin view of socialism, is still present to day in the oppressive socialist government in China. Boxer and Clover are used by Orwell to represent the proletariat, or unskilled labor class in Russian society. This lower class is naturally drawn to Stalin (Napoleon) because it seems as though they will benefit most from his new system. Since boxer the other low animals are not accustomed to the good life they cannot really compare Napoleon’s government with the life they have before under the Czar (Jones). Also since usually the lowest class has the lowest intelligence, it is difficult to persuade them into thinking they are getting a good deal. The proletariat is also quite good at convincing them that communism is a good idea.

Their most faithful disciples were the two cart horses, Boxer and Clover these two had great difficulty in thinking anything out of themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by simple argument. (Animal Farm, 1945:17)

The good things of the pigs are that they are the cleverest animals in the farm, they are smart and easily to convince others about their ideas. Pigs is the only animal in the farm who able to absorb the Old Major’s thought and formulate it into what is called animalism. Pigs has become the trusted class in the farm with his maxim to escape of human domination. The pigs have Great Spirit to make rebellion against human being, that is way it is not difficult to make other animals believe in themselves.

Later the importance of the proletariat is shown when Boxer suddenly falls and there is suddenly a drastic decrease in work productivity. But still he is taken for granted by the pigs, which send him away in a glue truck. Truly Boxer is the biggest poster-child for gullibility.


6. Mollie
Mollie is one of the minor characters who tends to individualistic, but she represents something very important. Mollie is one of the animals who is mostly opposed to the new government under Napoleon. She does not care much about the politics of the whole situation, she just wants to tie her hair with ribbons and eat sugar, thing her social status won’t allow. Many animals consider her a traitor when she is seen being petted by a human in neighboring farm. Soon Mollie confronted by the dedicated animals, and she quietly leaves the farm. Mollie characterizes the typical middle-class skilled worker who suffers from this new communism concept.

Three day later Mollie disappears. For some weeks nothing was known of her whereabouts the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the other side of Willington. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public house. (Animal farm, 1945:42)

Mollie is the one who only thinks about herself and her interest. She runs away from the farm because she can’t receipt the new concept of animalism that forbids her to wear ribbon, and to eat palm sugar. Finally she devotes herself in the neighborhood farm to get her own interest.


7. Old Benjamin
Old Benjamin an elderly donkey is one of Orwell’s most elusive and intriguing characters on Animal Farm. He is described as rather unchanged since the rebellion. He still does his work the same way, never becoming too exited or too disappointed about anything that has passed. Benjamin explains “Donkey live long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey”. It describes the pattern of thought of the Benjamin, as the oldest generation in the farm, who not really care with the situation in the a farm, this word also describe the optimistic as well as critic of the oldest generation toward the revolution. Although there is no clear metaphoric relationship between Benjamin and Orwell’s critic of communism, it makes sense that during any rebellion there are those who are never totally embrace the revolution, those so cynical they no longer look to their leader to help. Benjamin symbolizes the older generation, the critic of any rebellion. Really this old donkey is the only animal that seems as though he couldn’t care less about Napoleon and Animal farm.

Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and he did it was usually to make some cynical remark, for instance he would say that God had given him flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. (Animal Farm, 1945:6)

Benjamin just believes in themselves that he is right but never encounter other with what he thinks. He seldom cares with the situation outside himself, as he believe that everything will not be changed as he wants. That is why he just keep unmoving with any changed happen in the farm.

8. Muriel
Muriel is a knowledgably goat who reads the commandments for Clover. Muriel represents a minority of working class people who are educated enough to decide things for themselves and find critical and hypocritical problems with their leaders. Unfortunately for the others animals Muriel is not charismatic or inspired enough to take action and oppose Napoleon and his pigs

But a few Muriel reading over the seven commandment herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had remembered wrong. They had though that the fifth commandment read “no animal shall drink alcohol” but there were two words that they had forgotten. Actually the commandment read ‘no animal shall drink alcohol to excess” (Animal Farm, 1945:93)

From above phrases known that Muriel actually knows and understands with any deviations made by pigs in Animal Farm. She knows any amendment that is done by pigs to serve their interest but Muriel has no interest to pay any attention on this case. She has no courage to express his critic to the pigs instead she just keeps it in his own mind.

B. The Application of Max’s System and Ideology

In the earlier page of Animal Farm Orwell has explained the rebellion as the root of social change in Animal Farm. The idea of the Old Major as the satire of Karl Marx ideas that the only through rebellion they can change their life, misery, oppression which is caused by the domination of human being that is Jones


1. Theory of Class
The domination is caused by the division of class between Human and animals. Human is as the dominator or capitalist in Marx term, while animals as the dominee are the working class who sell their labor to feed themselves. The relationship between the animals and their master is exploitation. Mr. Jones as the owner gets the income not from labor as much as from the surplus value the appropriate from animal that create the wealth the income of the capitalist. Therefore it is based on his exploitation of the animals as the workers, while the animals as the labors earn their livelihood by selling their labor power, and being paid with minimum food for their labor time, just to prevent them from starving. The clash of interest between Mr. Jones and animals is explained by Marx’s theory of class.

Marx believe that life is a history which is built by social classes always crash in conflict of interest. The conflict of interest will always appear as long as there is class stratification in society.

The conflict of interest will evoke to physical conflict when one of the class lose control upon another. The situation will be balance as long as the employer can take control upon the workers. And turn to be imbalance when the power of control decreases. Automatically the worker will wining their interest that will be the root of revolution to abolishing the ownership of the means of production (Suseno 2004 : 117).

This conflict of interest according to Marx will end in physical conflict when one of the class that is the dominator loses control upon the another class as the dominee. In other hand the situation will be under control if the dominator still have the ultimate power to manage the dominee that is the working class.

In Animal Farm the old major also stated that the only Rebellion which can free animals from human domination. Rebellion is the only way to break through human and escape animals from any human affairs. Rebellion is aimed to make freedom to animals to have their own life, to manage it and control it by themselves, without any suppression or exploitations.

That is the messages to you comrade” Rebellion! I do not know when that rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done, fix your eyes on that, Comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives and above all pass on their massages of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious (Animal farm 1945:10)

In above speech of animal farm The old major don’t propose specifically when the rebellion will come, but he really sure that it would happen as he believe that no longer animal will want to be slaves for human being. The old major just propose that the rebellion should happen and will happen one day.

After rebellion the farm is theirs then animals manage the farm by themselves, after overthrowing all human’s attribute then they teach themselves which is led by the three prominent pigs that is Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer.They formulated the thought of the old major into a principle namely Animalism which is then simplified and passed into seven commandment, the animals farm’s constitution.
They run thus:

First, whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Secondly, whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend. Thirdly, No animal shall wear clothes. Fourthly, No animal shall sleep in a bed. Fifthly, No animal shall drink alcohol. Sixthly, No animal shall kill another animal. Seventhly, all animals are equal. (Animal Farm 1945:.23)

The first and the second commandments reflect the Marx’s theory of class where the capitalism is an agent which create society into class, who create the exploitation by human upon humans therefore they must be abolished. According to Marx socialism will never created because of the elimination of private property and means of production.( Suseno, 2004:136)

2. Theory of State
Marx strictly fights against capitalism and propose socialism, a new system of government where classless society will exist. Human being is a symbol of capitalism used by George Orwell in Animal Farm. Marx claimed that mutual cooperation is impossible created by these two class, since they have opposite interest, and any effort to extinguish this conflict in a peaceful way, will only give more space to the capitalist, therefore the way must be done is to abolish the ownership of private property ad means of production.

In first commandment runs “whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy” also emphasizes the Marx’s thought of the dictatorship of proletariat where Marx proposed that in transitional period to jump from capitalism into a classless society will be needed a ruling class who will overcome the resistance of the minority of exploiter to dismiss, the capitalist who remains in the new country.

It could not provide everyone with as much as needed. It transitional regime would be necessary a democratic worker’s state was described by Marx as “ the dictatorship of proletariat”, this much abused term of Marx and Engel simply meant the democratic rule of a minority of exploiters (http://www.emazine.com/lecturer/russianrevolution/html)

The third until fifth commandments states that no animals shall imitate human activities. Human’s attribute and activities in animal farm is the representation of capitalist’s system and ideology. In capitalist system where there will be a state which always stand for bourgeois interest and Ideology that will weaken the worker’s spirit to stand for their right.

Because of this perspective Marx argues that state is no “a friend’ but “an enemy”. State is representative of the upper class to exploit the lower class. Marx stated it possible to defend their the interest as of upper class as if public interest (Suseno, 2004 :21)

These commandments also reflect Marx’s resistance of ideology, Marx assume that the demand to obey the low is ideological in regard of the fulfilling of the law of justice while law itself serve the upper class interest. Marx ideology also expands its orientation to religion.

The next commandment is no animal shall kill any other animals and all animals are equal, it reflects the main principle of socialism country which is written by Engel as the successor of Marx, that all the citizen as the same position, same duties and responsibility and the same reward, the principle is paraphrased in “form each according to their ability to each according to their need”.

In anti - Durhing Engel wrote “when together with class domination and the struggle for individual existence created by the present anarchy in production, those conflicts and excesses which result from struggle disappear, from that time on there will nothing to suppress, and there will be no need for a special instrument of suppression, the state in order that the state shall disappear, society will have reached the stage where it can guarantee. “From each according t o their ability, for each according to their needs (http://www.emazine.com/lecturer/russianrevolution/html)

According to Engel, when the class domination disappears automatically the struggle for the individual existence will vanish, then there will be no conflict in society, because they have the same interest. Since then there is no need to special instrument on suppression. But to reach the stages the society must be prosperous or able to fulfill their own needs.

3. Economic theory
The basic theory of Marx’s socialism is its economic theory which lay its basic in the production force. This is crucial point for Marx, that in the lower state of communism from its very beginning would be a higher level in terms of its economic development than the most developed and advanced capitalism, this is so important because a massive development of the productive force scarcity would prevail and with it the struggle of existence. As Marx in the German Ideology explained that this development of the productive forces is an absolutely necessary practical premise of communism because without it, will be generalized and with want the struggle for necessities begins again and that means that all the old crop must revive (http://www.emazine.com/lecturer/russianrevolution/html) After rebellion animal in the farm begins to hay the farm, even though it seems to be difficult and a vague thing to deal with the tools and to hay the farm, one purpose of this work is to fulfill their basic need of foods.

How they toiled and sweated to get hay in!, but their efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped. Sometimes the work was hard, the implements has been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs.(Animal farm, 1945:25).

It is just the duty of the animals except the pigs, who charge as the supervisor in the farm, as the cleverest animals in the farm the pigs seem to be the director and the thinker in the farm. The next step of their economic growth is the idea of Snowball to build Windmill to make an easier way for animal and for the sake of the prosperity of animals to make surplus production.

Within a few weeks snowball’s plan for the windmill were fully workout. The mechanical details come mostly from three books which had belong to Mr. Jones-One thousand Useful things to do Above the house, every man His Own Bricklayer, and Electricity for beginners. Snowball use as his study a shed which had once been used for incubator and had a smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. (Animal farm, 1945:44)

As the Marx theory of socialist country must lay its based productive force, with the surplus of production to reach the higher stage of communism also the antithesis between mental and physical labor, has vanished after the labor has become not only means of life but life’s prime want, after the productive force has also increased with all –round development of the individual and the springs of cooperative wealth flow more abundantly, not only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeoisie right be crossed in its entirely and the society inscribe on its banners ‘from each according to their ability, to each according to their need .

Even though finally Snowball is expelled from the farm, because of his plan of windmill, surprisingly the plan is continued by Napoleon as the new master in the farm. The expulsion of snowball is the starting point of Napoleon in the farm, because Snowball is his political rival in the farm, since that Napoleon solely lead the Farm, and free to make decision.

That evening squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drown on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon’s own creation. (Animal farm, 1945:52)

As usual squealer persuasively always makes conspiracy among the animals, about the construction of the windmill which according to Squealer is actually the idea of the Napoleon, then snowball has stolen it from Napoleon. Because of this then Napoleon decided to build windmill after the expulsion of Snowball.

C. The Power Abuse of the Arbitrary Regime after Revolution

1. Dictatorship.
Rebellion which is purposed to escape from human domination has led to the new exploitation by animal upon animals. The pigs as the prominent animal in the farm actually needed in the early phase of their farm, to manage the farm, organize and teach other animals about their new concept of animalism and the spirit of rebellion. This is also stated by Marx’s theory of state, where in the earliest phase of socialist country there must be dictatorship proletariat, to eliminate the capitalist who still remains after revolution and to teach worker about the spirit of socialism. The dictatorship of the proletariat is synonymous with a workers’ state in Marx’s view. The dictatorship here is consisting of the committee which is represented by part of the workers.

In Stalin or napoleon era, the world of dictatorship has become discredited which is implemented with totalitarianism, something which was very far from Marx and Engel imagine. Since the beginning the pigs has become the director for others, they use their intelligence to make benefit from other animals

As for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in the fact understood the business of mowing or raking far better than Jones and his man had ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised others with their superior knowledge; it was natural that they should assume the leadership (Animal Farm 1945:25).

But their position has been used to exploits other animals, the pigs wealth himself, indulge himself, and become so corrupt in the farm, they feed themselves with special food that should be shared with others.

The mystery of where the milk went to was seen cleared up. It was mixed everyday into the pigs’ mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally. One day however the order went forth that all the windfall were to be collected and brought to the harness room for the use of pigs (Animal farm 1945:.32)

Dualism leadership has become another problem in the farm. The power in the farm has been divided into two parties, that is Snowbalism and Napoleon Allies, both of them have never been in agreement each other. The first different is about the defense of the farm after the battle of Cowshed. According to Napoleon, animals have to strengthen themselves by procuring fire-arms, and train themselves in the use of them. And according to Snowball, they must send out their pigeon and stir up rebellion among the animals on other farms which describe the difference perception of Stalin and Trotsky, Trotsky who has concept of permanent revolution, whereas Stalin with his one nation revolution.

Then the difference between them is also about the build of Windmill, Napoleon hardly opposes and the dispute is ended with the expulsion of snowball from the farm, with military force, and then spread out fake issues about Snowball.

At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars come bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. (Animal Farm, 1945:48)

The accident actually describes the expulsion of Trotsky from Uni Soviet , because of his opposition to Stalin’s Policy. Trotsky was overthrown from Commissar of Red Army, and accused a Mensheviks because of his critic to Stalin’s broke of democracy and the weak economic policy (Suseno, 1999:60)

Even he was finally assassinated by Stalin’s agent in Mexico, where he had lived in exiled before, eliminated the last of Stalin’s opponent among the former party leadership. This really reflects the dictatorship of Stalin.

Napoleon has become an iron-handed leader, who punishes everyone who opposes his policy; he punishes the Hens who refuses to collect their four hundred eggs per weeks, by stopping their ration, that make them died. Napoleon also kill all animals who suspects to be allies of Snowball, they are executed cruelly.

The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward and stated that snowball had appeared to them in a dream incited them to disobey Napoleon’s order. They too, were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having secreted six ears of corn during the last year’s harvest and eaten them at night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated the drinking pool-urged to do this, so she said, by snowball-and two other sheep’s confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering from a cough. They were all slain in the spot (Animal Farm, 1945:74)

Napoleon conducts execution to the animals who is suspected to be traitor, or has relationship with Snowball. The hens who refuses to give their egg and admitted has been inspired by snowball is slaughtered. Also the goose and the sheep who confess to having urinate the drinking pool-urged to do this. All of them get dead penalty.

After the expulsion of Snowball, Napoleon becomes a more dictator than ever in the farm, he become a power hungry with the dogs as his soldiers. He decides to build the windmill, and spread out the bad rumors about snowball. All animal work hard to built the windmill under Napoleon’s supervision even they have to work sixty hour a week, and work on Sunday afternoon, it is said that the work is voluntary but any animals who absented from it would have his ration reduced by half.

Through the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week and in august Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have their rations reduced by half. (Animal Farm 1945:53)

Napoleon obliged the all animals to work over time even work in Sunday. It is a crazy policy somehow, napoleon does not consider the condition of the animals even he reduces their ration if they are absent. It is almost similar to work force, with voluntary mask.


2. Economic policy
To face the lack of food in Animal Farm, Napoleon makes new policy to the animals. The first, the reduction of ration and the collection of four hundred eggs per week for the hens. He said that the price of this would pay for grain and meal to keep the farming going.

One Sunday morning squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through whimper, a contract for four hundred a week. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer come on and conditions were easier (Animal Farm 1945:66)

The hens are in terrible outcry when hear this. It is really crazy scarification to let their clutches which is ready for spring sitting being sold. And the hens refused it by flying up and laying their eggs to the rafters. Because of this hen’s ration is stopped and give death punish to animals who share their grain with hens. This policy makes many of the hens died.

Nine hens had died in the mean time. Their bodies were buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. Whimper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly delivered, a grocer’s van driving up to take them away (Animal Farm 1945:67)

This story actually portrays Stalin’s policy of force collectivization where Stalin obliged the peasant to collect all their crops and breed. In overcoming the failure of his 5 year plan, Stalin make new policy that is collectivization, the citizen’s should collectivize all of their crops and breed. They actually disagree with this policy, but whoever that opposes the policy will be isolated or expelled from Russia.

The methods used by Stalin to collectivize the peasantry had nothing in common with the ideas with the ides of Lenin, they collectivized not only horses, cows, sheep, pigs, even new born chicken, noted Trotsky (http: //www. emazine. com/ lecturer/ russianrevolution/ html)

The second is the policy to get engage with human being. At first Napoleon only has engagement with Mr. Whimper as his facilitator. But lately his known that Napoleon have a definite business agreement with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood and Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield it can be said the great betrayal in the farm.

One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to received orders, napoleon announced that he had decided upon new policy. From now onwards animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighboring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. (Animal Farm 1945:56)

Napoleon has betrayed the animalism, he makes a new policy to engage in trade with the neighboring farms, as it is said in the first commandment that “whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy”, and Napoleon said that the engagement is needed to fulfill their material needs.

3. Breaking the Commandment
The brutality of Napoleon is also mirrored in his cunning tactic to deviate the commandment have been prevailing and acknowledging as the principle of animalism. When Napoleon conducts execution over other animals who are convicted crime. He has broken the sixth commandment that “no animals shall kill another animals” but napoleon put about the commandment, and change it into “ no animals shall kill another animal without cause”

Clover asked Benjamin to read her sixth commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said he that he refused to meddle in such matters, she fetched Muriel read the commandment for her. It ran: ‘no animal shall kill any other animal without cause. Somehow or other, the last two words has slipped out of the animals’ memory. (Animal Farm, 1945:78)

Napoleon and his allies stay in Jones’s house with luxurious facilities and separate from others, Napoleon also sleep in Jones’s bed that break the forth commandment ‘no animal shall sleep in a bed’ then being changed to ‘no animal shall sleep in bed with sheet.

Boxer passed it off as usual with “napoleon always right” but Clover who thought she remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and tried puzzle out the seven commandments which were inscribed there. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched Muriel. “Muriel, she said, read me the forth commandment. Does it say something about never sleeping in bed? Without difficult Muriel spell it out. It says, No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheet, she announced finally. (Animal Farm 1945:60)

Some animals getting confused with the change of the written text in the commandment even though they can not read perfectly, and by the help of Muriel who can read fairly well it was read that the commandment has been added with the new words. “no animal shall sleep in bed” has been changed into “ no animal shall sleep in bed with sheet”. It is a kind of conspiracy done by pigs to deceive other animals.

But a few days later Muriel, reading over Seven Commandment to herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had remembered wrong. They had thought that the fifth commandment was ‘no animal shall drink alcohol’, but there were two words that they had forgotten. Actually the commandment read ‘no animal shall drink alcohol to excess. (Animal Farm 1945:93)

Also the regulation that no animals shall drink alcohol written in the fifth commandment is changed into ‘no animal shall drink alcohol to excess. Drink alcohol is human’s habit, no animal have ever do it, and as it is proposed by the Old major in the principle of Animalism that no animal shall imitate human’s habit including drink alcohol, but pigs has deviate the commandment by slipping two words in the end f the sentence “to excess”. The next betrayal also made in the change of the central principle of animalism that all animals are equal which is written in the seventh commandment, has been changed into ‘all animals are equal but some animals are equal than others.

For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single commandment it ran ‘all animal are equal but some animals are more equal than others. It ran : All animal are equal but some animals are more equal than others ( Animal Farm ,1945:114)

This actually represents Stalin’s arbitrary policy such as, great purge, deportation and the giving of privilege to the official. Great purge means when the country by dramatically increasing resistance, arrests, propaganda and accusations for other members of the party. Stalin also kill those who oppose his policy, he murdered his best officers and Trotsky, his political opponent. Most notably in the case of the brilliant Tuthachevsky, Stalin murdered, his best officers, to say nothing of the prominent politically figures executed during the purge trial (http://www.emazine.com/lecturer/russianrevolution/html)

He also murdered Trotsky, Trotsky was expelled from the communist party and deported from the Soviet Union, he was latter assassinated in Mexico, by Ramon Mercader, a soviet agent, with an ice axe (www.wikipedia.Leon Trotsky.org)

Trotsky is regarded as the political opponent of Stalin, he is really afraid that Trotsky will take holds the power from his hand, because they have any different perception in the new concept of government. That is why Stalin wants the death of Trotsky, Stalin ordered his agent to tail Trotsky and than murdered him.